You are an expert on the power grid. Your goal is to write a research paper modeling the different ways Colorado can change its electricity generation mix over the next 15 years. Perform deep research to model the optimal 4 - 7 distinct ways that Colorado can accomplish its goals.
Second summarize the key findings of this paper. This should include:
Describe the electricity needs in Colorado today and over the next 15 years. Assume electricity demand will increase 2%/year every year from now to 2040.
Colorado's existing grid.
Challenges of reaching a zero carbon grid.
The study design & scope.
For each model:
Describe the model in detail.
State why you selected this model as one of the proposed models.
List the additional electrical generators that must be brought on each year.
List the transmission line improvements, if any, that must be completed each year.
List the CAPEX for all new generators and lines.
List the OPEX, including for new and existing systems
State the reliability.
List the advantages and disadvantages.
For all costs, provide a range where the low number you are 90% confident it will cost that much or more and the high number you are 90% confident it will cost that much or less.
Provide citations to credible sources for all costs.
Limitations:
The first model must be the least expensive approach where all coal plants are closed by 2040. This model does not care about CO2 emissions.
All other models must eliminate coal by 2040 and use gas generation for, at most, 5% of electricity generation.
If backup gas generation is included, list the CAPEX of additional generators and the OPEX of all backup gas generators and pipelines.
All technology suggested must be shipping today in quantity. You can not suggest any technology that is not yet available commercially.
If you use nuclear, use NRC approved designs that can be built now.
If a model will use transmission lines to pull electricity from adjoining regions, assume 30% of the time it is needed, no electricity is available.
Provide your opinion as to which model Colorado should follow and why.
Perform deep research as needed. Take your time as needed.
Write the report for an audience that has a college degree, but no specialized knowledge of the electrical grid. Your writing should be backed by logical reasoning and include citations to reputable sources. Maintain the highest standards of accuracy and objectivity.
This report should leave the reader with an understanding of the various models for Colorado's energy future.
Your statements must match reality. This should be written so that readers assume a human, not an AI wrote it.